Political corruption

Atkan (1992) describe political corruption trait as below:

1.      Political corruption appears in the political process. Political process is the structure where the decision-making of the government takes place. Korupsi politik terjadi pada tahap-tahap proses politik yang dilaksanakan.

2.      Political corruption occurs in the relationship between political actors (politicians, bureaucrats, interest and pressure groups) that possess a role in the political process.Korupsi politik terjadi dalam hubungan antara actor-aktor politik (politikus, birokrat dan kelompok kepentingan) yang memiliki peranan dalam proses-proses politik.

3.       The political actors which has a right to make decisions due to political corruption, uses their political power and authority to violate the present legislations, norms and ethical rules.

4.      The public officials that abuses their power and authority provide themselves or others with in-kind or financial “interests”.

5.      Political corruption is generally confidential.

6.      Political corruption shows characteristics that extends to all parts of the society. Economic corruption, academic corruption (scientific corruption) etc. are types of political corruptions which appear in institutions and political rules that are not properly formed.

7.      With the presence of political corruption democratic institutions loses their functionality within time. Interests and pressure groups evolves as a consequence of political corruption.

8.      Political corruption may be present in the governmental systems such as monarchy, oligarchy, or democracy. Shortly, all governmental systems possess political corruption within varying types or levels. The political systems where political corruption is widespread can be called kleptocracy.

9.      There is a close relationship between political corruption and the changes and developments that takes place in the socio-economic structure. Parallel with the changes in the socio-economic structure, political corruption becomes more prevalent.

     Aktan, Coşkun Can. Politik Yozlaşma ve Kleptokrasi, İstanbul: Afa Yayınları 1992